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Objective@#To evaluate health risks of five heavy metals in drinking water of rural schools in Henan Province, so as to provide scientific basis for drinking water safety in rural schools.@*Methods@#Totally 1 269 drinking water samples were collected and analyzed for five heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr 6+ , Pb, Hg) concentration in 106 cities and counties of Henan Province, and its spatial distribution characteristics were explored by geographic information system (GIS). Risk assessment method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) was applied to evaluate health risks from five heavy metals through oral ingestion.@*Results@#The qualified rate of As concentration was 100%, and the qualified rates of Cd, Cr 6+ , Pb and Hg were 99.9% , 99.9%, 99.5%, 99.6%. The highest carcinogenic risk was As (3.05×10 -5 ), followed by Cr 6+ (2.73×10 -5 ), and the highest non carcinogenic risk was As (0.158 3), followed by Pb(0.041 7). The carcinogenic risk and non carcinogenic risk were all higher in girls than boys. The carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risks were differences in different regions( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Health risks of five heavy metals in drinking water for rural schools in Henan Province were within the acceptable risk level recommended by EPA. As, Cr 6+ and Pb were the main health risk factors in drinking water, and that might impact negatively the healthy growth of primary and middle school students. These should be future efforts of drinking water safety management.
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Objective:To analyze the drug resistance and molecular epidemiological characteristics of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from pediatric patients. Methods:Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients hospitalized in Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital from January 2016 to June 2018 was collected.Vitek-2 Compact automatic microbiological identification and drug sensitivity analysis system was used to identify and test the drug sensitivity of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLST) were applied to the homology analysis of the strains. Results:A total of 94 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were collected, of which 42 strains were isolated from pediatric patients and 52 strains from adult patients.The drug resistance rates of pediatric isolates to Imipenem, and Meropenem and Tigecycline were 7.1%, 7.1% and 0, respectively, and the drug resistance rates of adult isolates to these 3 antibiotics were 67.3%, 54.8%, and 5.5%, respectively.The results of PFGE typing showed that 94 strains were divided into 49 genotypes (X1-X49 type), 52 adult strains were distributed in 22 genotypes, and 42 pediatric strains were distributed in 33 genotypes.The dominant genotype was X23 (21 strains, 22.3%), of which 18 strains(85.7%) were adult isolates and 3 strains (14.3%) were children isolates.The drug resistance rate of X23 genotypes to carbapenems was 100%, which was significantly higher than that of other genotypes.The results of MLST genotyping showed that X23 genotype was ST195, which belonged to clonal complex(CC92) clone. Conclusions:The overall drug resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital was significantly lower than that of adult isolates, and the diversity of genotypes was obvious.The dominant genotypes of the strains belongs to the CC92 clone population, and is the dominant clone strain in many places of our country.
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Objective To develop an indicator system for the ability of main caregivers of premature in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Methods Delphi method was used to design index system and 16 experts were invited to participate the study. The questionnaire was consulted by emails and we took two rounds of consultation. Results The two rounds of consulting experts enthusiasm coefficients was 100% and the overall authority coefficients was 0.813 and 0.819. In the evaluation index system, there were 8 first grade indexes and 42 second grade indexes, including 11 items of basic care ability , 6 items of feeding and nutrition, 5 items of early itervention, 8 items of common symptoms and sign, 1 item of emergency, 5 items of safety prevention, 4 items of special care and 2 items of parentage. Conclusions The ability of main caregivers of premature in NICU evaluation index system which is designed using Delphi method is scientific and reliable. The results would have important significance to evaluate the level of main caregivers of premature in NICU.